ROLE OF MULBERRY LEAVES IN OXIDATIVE STRESS MANAGEMENT AND DIABETIC COMPLICATIONS

Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by persistent hyperglycemia, impaired insulin function, and altered carbohydrate, protein, and lipid metabolism. Oxidative stress plays a central role in the onset and progression of diabetic complications through excessive generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reduced antioxidant defense systems. Natural plant-derived therapeutics have gained increasing attention due to their multi-targeted actions and minimal side effects. Among these, mulberry (Morus spp.) leaves have emerged as promising antidiabetic and antioxidant agents owing to their rich phytochemical composition, including flavonoids, alkaloids, polyphenols, vitamins, and minerals. Mulberry leaves exhibit significant free radical scavenging activity, inhibit lipid peroxidation, regulate glucose metabolism, and protect tissues against oxidative damage. Studies in experimental diabetic models have demonstrated their beneficial effects in preventing nephropathy, neuropathy, retinopathy, and cardiovascular complications. This review summarizes the biochemical mechanisms underlying oxidative stress in diabetes and critically discusses the role of mulberry leaves in mitigating diabetic complications through antioxidant and antihyperglycemic pathways.